Professional Nursing Example

Professional Nursing Example Professional Nursing – Coursework Example IPCP and QSEN Competencies. IPCP and QSEN competencies Nursing practice and health care leadership have been for a long time driven by a complex system of economics, technology, regulations and multimodal organizations (Turkel, 2000). There is a need to balance these economic realities with the principles of caring science, nursing cultures, and healthcare organization. The organization has to improve on some of its leadership and caring styles to promote its effectiveness. A BSN –prepared course to help nurses internalize some of the competencies as described in the Quality and Safety Education for Nursing (QSEN) and IPCP. Some of the QSEN competencies include; patient-oriented care, practicing teamwork and collaboration, ensuring safety, providing quality informatics and leading an evidence-based practice all the time. With all these competencies in practice, the BSN nurse leaders would be able to strengthen relationships and promote self-organization by communicating to the other nurses through team work and unifying framework of caring science. Explaining to the other patients that the provision of a patient-oriented care gives the nurses an opportunity to express their caring attributes to patients. The communication also improves the relationship between nurses and patients and between nurses themselves. Through round walks, they are able to exchange feelings and thoughts and encouraging the patients, which promotes caring and complexity principles. The impacts would be that the practice of evidence-based care and having quality information is a great boost the organizational integrity. This will improve the trust of the patients and create a serene environment for the nurses to work. A good health provider is always a need of any community, and that can only be achieved through the quality of services. Safety for both the nurses and patients is a fundamental attribute which any organization should maintain at any given time and should be guarded n o matter the cost of all team players in an organization. I have seen the competencies being followed in a clinical setting and I would be able to influence the process through encouraging other nurses to follow and implement these competencies in the course of their jobs, be an example for using these competencies, and guiding new nurses in adhering to these competencies. Making it my duty to train new nurses on ways to incorporate these competencies in practice and developing a framework for all the nurses to follow these competencies in job performance are the other ways I can make an influence on the process. In conclusion, implementation of these competencies would go a long way in improving the service delivery in hospitals and improving the organization’s economic standards.ReferenceKingston, M.B. & Turkel, M.B. (2011). Caring science and complexity science guiding the practice of hospital and nursing administrative practice. In A. Davidson, M. Ray, & M. Turkel (Eds.). Nursing, caring, and complexity science (169-185). New York: Springer Publishing Company

Osi Model and Network Essay

Osi Model and Network Essay Osi Model and Network Essay Integrative Network Design Part 2 NTC/362 Jamie Heidemann April 20, 2015 Dr. Rita DeFrange Introduction Kuddler Fine Foods will be upgrading their current system to allow all the stores to communicate with each other. A system upgrade is vital for the growing company. There will be no need to rid of the old system completely, there will just need to be some alterations and upgrades to enhance the system that is currently running. This will allow for a shorter down time and save on cost. Importance of Communication Protocols In the network industry, communication protocols play a vital role for masking communication a possibility. Not everyone uses the same hardware or software platforms, but all need to be able to communicate no matter the system. That is where protocols come into play. The ability to code and decode protocols are built into the computers operating system. There are hundereds of different types of protocols. One that users see everyday is Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP). The HTTP allows browers to display webages correctly. The simplest executions require communication protocols. Other networking protocols include: TCP, UDP, IP, and all the Ethernet protocols for wireless standards. Most protocols are associated with a particular layer of the OSI model. For instance, UDP and TCP are protocols relating to the transport layer, or layer 4, of the OSI model (http://pluto.ksi.edu/~cyh/cis370/ebook/ch06b.htm). Protocols included within Kuddler Fine Foods Network All networks must use many different protocols, some are straight-forward and necessary for any network, and others are utilized for partiular systems, such as NAS back-up and VoIP. The obvious protocols that will be utilized are TCP/IP (IPv4 or IPv6, both will be useable), UDP, FTP, SFTP, and other necessary Routing Protocols. Some of the less obvious protocols that will be required within this network are as follows: TLS, NTP, NFS, and SRTP. Transport Layer Security (TLS) is a protocol that provides security through encryption and works at the application layer of the OSI model. â€Å"TLS is important for data security, and provides forward secrecy ("Netcraft", 1996-2015).† Network Time Protocol (NTP) is a clock synchronization protocol that is used over packet-switched networks. Since the KFF’s network is going to be packet-switched, this protocol will be necessary. It synchizes all computers connected to the network to an incredible accuracy, although network data congestion can produce small variances within the clock synchronization ("Network Time Foundation"). If all of the stores associated with KFF are to be on a network, it is extremely important that they are all synchronized. Network File System (NFS) protocol is a protocol that allows users on a network computer to access files shared on a network. This protocol is extremely necessary for using KFF’s NAS back-up system and sharing files in general within the WAN ("Indiana University", 2014) Secure Real-Time Transport Protocol (SRTP) is a RTP with added security through encryption methods, message authentication and replay protection. â€Å"This allows for VoiP capabilities, but with the added comfort that communications are protected and safe. For any business, added security is always a bonus, that is why this network will incorporate SRTP for all VoiP communications. â€Å"(According to.Interop Labs)† These are just the descriptions and lists of some of the important protocols that will be involved within this WAN (not to say that all protocols don’t serve their purpose) and how they attribute themselves to KFF’s network needs. Overall Network Architecture The overall Network Architecture that is to be employed for KFF is going to involve a Star topology with the La Jolla store being the hub. All of the system servers will be located in a working server room on La Jolla premises. The star topology was chosen because of its resistance to network failure, although the if the La Jolla

Stakeholders within Health Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Stakeholders within Health Care - Essay Example Those considering career in the healthcare sector should consider impacting the world and not just America. Â   Medical education and schools have changed over time as is evidenced by a greater preference for careers in radiology, surgical subspecialties and dermatology to family medicine, pediatrics and internal medicine. The predominant ethnic (racial) group is the white American. This is because, the data produced by the Association of American Medical Colleges showed that there were more white medical colleges in the US than medical colleges belonging to people of color. Even if the number of African Americans graduating with a medical degree is high in historically black medical colleges, they are significantly outnumbered in traditionally white medical colleges. Presently, women are dominating medical schools by 52% (Turner and Avison, 2011). Turner, R. J. and Avison, W. R. (2012). Status Variations in Stress Exposure: Implications for the Interpretation of Research on Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Gender. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 44 (4), 488 – 505 It is important to understand the impact of a diagnosis on a consumer because it helps in the administration of accurate treatment or medical intervention, and thereby helping in the actualization of the principle of beneficence (Churgay and Aftab (2012). Proper diagnosis helps the health care provider: know the magnitude and nature of the healthcare complication he is dealing with; administer accurate treatment; discharge his role confidently; and to observe the principles of medical ethics such as beneficence and non-maleficence. Results from the diagnosis will also become an important part of the patient’s health records. As a healthcare professional understanding the impact of a diagnosis on the various stakeholders is important because it enhances

God, Freedom, & human Dignity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

God, Freedom, & human Dignity - Essay Example The author Highfield starts with depicting the modern conceptions about relationship. In previous ages, the relationships would be natural or socially given. We could not be free from the social web and from the relationship imposed on us by the society. Highfield calls this understanding of self as â€Å"me – centred† This identity is not selfish or narcissistic but it is based on self desire and not on identity conferring relationship. Chapter 1 of the part one is based on the work of moral philosophers such as Plato, Aristotle In ancient culture, the identity of the person would be decided in a moral space, where respect, fullness and dignity were recognized by the external things such as the person’s family status, war and the glory he had achieved. Earlier Plato and later Augustine and Hippo put forward the theory of inwardness. Augustine gave importance to the purity of heart. Unlike the previous philosophers, Galileo saw the world as a machine, a dead matt er. Rene Descartes, the French philosophers accepted the same view of Galileo, though he was not completely atheist. There were slight differences between both of these experts’ philosophy. Unlike the teleological views of Plato and Aristotle, another philosopher, John Locke was anti-teleological. He opined that human nature seeks only pleasure and avoid any pains. For Plato wisdom is more important than military glory and honour. Christianity strongly supports the idealness of life only through the complete dedication and commitment towards God. The medieval Christian thought that the path towards God can be found only by renouncing worldly pleasure. Sixteen century Protestant Reformation movement on the other hand aimed at breaking down the medieval spiritual hierarchy. They were of the view that salvation came by faith alone and not by self-negating works. The devotees do not need any mediator between him and God. While discussing the principles of Deism the author makes i t clear that Deism believes in the existence of God, though they reject all religious books and dogma and demagogy and believe that God has given human being an ability of reasoning. Hence following the rules of the nature is the only way to believe in God. Happiness and sorrow are the two paradoxical sides of the same coin. The happiness and grief are subjective and circumstantial. He tells different views of the people about God. Some feel that God is hostile towards humanity. Some are doubtful about His existence. Some consider God as their arch-enemy. The second chapter mainly throws the light of the characters who are challenging the omnipotent divine power i.e. God. Among them are Prometheus and Satan in Milton’s Paradise Lost. Many of the literary experts have glorified Prometheus as he challenged God fearlessly. Many think that God is a threat to their freedom and dignity. Chapter three argues the two concepts, i.e. deviance and subservience. God is omnipotent. The wr iter informs the reader about the influence of God on the primitive man when man used to get afraid of the natural calamities and he realised that there is a supreme power controlling the universe and the same power is the creator of human being also. To please this power for the sake of a secure and comfortable life, man started worshiping the power and the power is God. Since the time of creation, man has been worshiping God to attain something and to accomplish his desires. But no one worshiped Him for love. The writer confesses that he would be jealous to God

High and Law Involvement Buying Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

High and Law Involvement Buying - Essay Example An example can be, when one wants to purchase a product like hair gel, that is from different companies and they have a similarity in price. The consumer has to find a difference to convince them to buy one product and this makes a great impact on the consumer’s decision. On the other hand, a consumer may be confused in purchasing two similar goods but which are different, in terms of quality and price. This also, can be known as ‘high involvement in buying’ and the consumer usually looks for what will be favorable for them financially and the best quality (Groucutt, Leadley , Forsyth (2004). An example could be seen when one may be interested in purchasing a TV and they have to decide between a high quality one that is very expensive versus an average one that is of a much lower price. However, effects of advertisement fall under short persuasion. These effects are not obvious but in order to understand them, there has to be a measure of these effects. To underst and these effects, a beam balance can serve as a good tool. Two brands are put on either side of the beam, it can only take a very small feather to cause a change on the balance when placed on one side of the beam. Feathers can represent balancing effects in this case instead of heavy weights. Examples of items that have a high involvement decision-making are highly priced items like cars, vacations, appliances. There is a great similarity between low-involvement items. In most cases, they are identical. It is never a major concern for customers on which of this products to buy. Advertisement effects are often greater in the low involvement products. With high involvement decisions however, there is more concern about the outcome of the weighing up process, so there is the thought about how much weight is given to each feature (Groucutt, Leadley , Forsyth (2004). This features include, quality, size or power. There are usually both positive and negative aspects involved and the more complex a product is, the more complex the assessment. If a brand is favored by an advertisement, it does not necessarily have to persuade people to buy it. All it does is to raise awareness about the product. Even though it is not easily noticeable, advertisement plays a great role. These is however visible after a significant amount of time. After the process repeating itself, small increments produce major perceived differences between brands. Considering that the making a decision to purchase the newspaper presents no significant challenge and the decision does not impact the buyer’s lifestyle significantly, low involvement buying applies to advertisement 2. This is also reinforced by the fact that people appreciate how low a chance they have at winning the high price given the number of participants that try their lack. In this sense, the potential reader does not take a lot of time deciding whether or not to buy the product. In fact, in most cases, the potential custom er is little influenced by the advert as he/she has a preconditioned mind whether or not to buy the paper with or without the advert. The advert 1 below involves low involvement buying. This is because it not of much concern as it is concerned with entertainment, which has no great impact on a person’

Example of Argumentative Essay Essay Example for Free

Example of Argumentative Essay Essay History shows reiteratively throughout the recorded times that the mark set for students will be predominately that which they aim for and mostly stop therein. If students are not shown any higher level of knowledge the students should at no time be expected to aim for that which they did not perceive. Students will indeed float to the mark you set. History has shown us many valuable illustrations; one of them would be the vast comparison between students during the Ottoman empire and students in the reign of the Spartan empire, the Spartans were taught that knowledge is crucial, if it helps you to fight, whilst the Ottomans were taught that knowledge was imperative if it was beneficial in any way. Because Spartan pupils were finite to knowledge that did not pertain to warfare, they were infinitesimally limited in any other area, and to no degree were able to match the heights of knowledge of the Ottoman student body, the mark for these learners had been set considerably inferior than that for the under-graduates of the Ottoman empire, and so the students attained the mark that was set and were prescribed no reason to surpass it. Therefore it is clear to recognize that the objective a teacher sets for their pupil is all that their pupil will ever feel the demand to accomplish. Students are comparable to a kayak in the sea trying to reach an island to anchor on, and the teacher is the equivalent of the current, the stronger they push to try to reach and help the students, the closer they get to the island. Because students are reliant on their instructors to provide them with an objective to grasp, the supervisors specified a mark, and the students float to the mark that was decided. Therefore the students need only fulfill that which their instructor has itemized for them, and that would be the mark that was stipulated. Since pupils will only feel the need to do what was required in distinction to them, they will inevitably isolate themselves to the mark that was set before them.

Safety Assessment: Benzalkonium Chloride as Sanitising Agent

Safety Assessment: Benzalkonium Chloride as Sanitising Agent Benzalkonium Chloride Benzalkonium chloride or BAC is an antibacterial agent belonging to the quaternary ammonium compound group. It is widely used in the health care industry and cosmetic industry as an antimicrobial and cleansing agent. According to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 0.1-0.13% w/w BAC is considered safe and effective as an â€Å"antiseptic drug product†.55 BAC has also been recognized as safe and effective when incorporated into oral mouth rinses.56 BAC is also popularly used as a rinse-free hand sanitizer and for hand washing.57 Short-term and long-term clinical studies have shown that BAC incorporated in intranasal products is safe and well-tolerated. 58 Furthemore, BAC meets the performance criteria under the Tentative Final Monograph for Health Care Antiseptic Drug Products as an active component in rinse-free hand sanitizers. Sufficient evidence exists to support the usage of BAC as a Category I active ingredient in 1994. It was analyzed as a leave-on sanitizer at the Final Monograph for Healthcare Personnel Antiseptic Drug Products. 59 A study by Dyer et al concluded that a hand sanitizer with BAC as the main component was a safe and effective way of decreasing illness absenteeism in grade schools.60 The safety of BAC was reviewed by an expert panel and they concluded that at concentrations of up to 0.1%, free active ingredient is â€Å"safe for human use†.61 It was acknowledged that BAC can be used beyond being an active ingredient for leave-on products because of its safety and antimicrobial effectiveness profiles. The FDA has also agreed upon the usefulness of biocidal quaternary amino actives, particularly BAC, in their previous rulemaking. As an example, the FDA stated that â€Å"it was not seriously concerned with the safety of ‘quats’ for first aid uses like wound cleansers, skin wound protectants, and skin antiseptics† in the 1991 Proposed Rule for Topical Antiseptic Drug Products for Over-the-Counter Human Use; Tentative Final Monograph for First Aid Antiseptic Drug Products. BAC was found to meet the requirements for first-aid antiseptic applications as reviewed by the expert panel at that time. Furthermore, the FDA has permitted the combination of BAC and Benzethonium Chloride homologues at concentrations of up to 0.004% as a food preservative or for long-term ingestible applications.62 At the 2002 16th Report of the Cosmetic Ingredients Review Expert Panel, BAC was announced to be safe at concentrations of up to 0.1% w/w. The cosmetic applications studied here were those that encompassed a daily-use regimen. A publication was done on a cross-over study of 420 grade-school children (5-12 years old) for a period of 10 weeks. They were told to use a leave-on sanitizer with BAC as soon as they entered the classroom, before eating their snacks and lunch, after sneezing or coughing inside the classroom, and after using the restroom. They observed that even with frequent use, there was no adverse reaction such as edema, rash or erythema, among the students during or after the study.40 Another study published in 1998 investigated the performance of an alcohol-free hand sanitizer with BAC. They concluded that the product exceeded the minimum performance standards indicated by the FDA for reducing bacteria.63 BAC has been reported to be effective against a wide variety of microorganisms, such as mixed-type viruses and non-enveloped viruses. BAC even demonstrated on some instances, a significantly higher virucidal activity as compared to alcohol applications. One important aspect of BAC that should not be over-looked is its non-flammable nature. In fact, during the SARS epidemic in 2003, BAC-containing sanitizers were very effective against human coronavirus especially in use in airlines and airports as alcohol-containing products were banned because of issues in flammability. In a study on BAC at reducing illness in public and private schools, they observed a 44.2% decrease in incidence of gastrointestinal illnesses and a 50.2% reduction in respiratory-related illnesses. In a different double-blinded study with 769 students, there was a 33% reduction in illness-related absenteeism. It was recommended that alcohol-free leave-on sanitizers, like those with BAC, are the only appropriate composition for usage in settings as school. This is due to the possible misuse of alcohol-containing sanitizers as a fire accelerant or by intentional ingestion. An excellent review on the issue of bacterial resistance to antibacterial  sanitizers was also recently submitted by SDA to FDA in response to the reopening of the docket for comments. However, the FDA advised that further studies should be done regarding antimicrobial resistance and the potential development of resistance to these agents, including BAC. This was stated at the joint meeting in 1997 of the FDA Advisory Committees. In the field of Orthodontics, Othman et al 64 confirmed that adding BAC to an adhesive produces antibacterial properties. In the study, BAC was incorporated into a light-cured composite resin, and an evaluation of its antimicrobial and physical properties was done. BAC was incorporated into Reliance Phase II adhesive to produce BAC concentration from 0.25% to 2.50% wt/wt. The modified samples were cut into disks and incubated in Strep. mutans for two days. Amount of bacterial inhibition was measured with agar disk diffusion assay. Other disks were placed in brain-heart infusion medium with Strep. sobrinus to measure its adherence. Cells that adhered were measured. Tensile bond strength was analyzed using a universal testing machine by attaching traction hooks to bovine teeth with the modified adhesives. Results showed an increase in antimicrobial activity in composites with higher BAC. Antimicrobial activity was negative for the composites without BAC. The composite with BAC and with out BAC did not show any difference with regard to their diametral tensile stress and tensile bond strength. Therefore, they concluded that when BAC was combined with an orthodontic adhesive, it added antimicrobial properties without changing its mechanical properties. Another study that aimed to create an antibacterial adhesive without compromising its bond strength was done by Saito et al.65 Their aim was to find the dose of BAC that exhibited antibacterial effect and did not compromise bond strength. In Saito’s study, Superbond CB resin cement was used. A mixture of the polymer, monomer, catalyst and BAC was produced according to the instructions of the manufacturer. Composite disks with the following BAC concentration were produced: 0.25%, 0.75%, 1.25%, 1.75%, 2.5%, and 5% (wt/wt). Composite disks of the same size (0.8 mm x 2 .0 mm thickness) were made. The test bacteria used were Strep. mutans 10449 and PS14, and Strep. sobrinus 6715 and B13. A brain-heart infusion medium was used to grow the bacteria. To evaluate the antibacterial activity, disk diffusion assay was utilized. To analyze the release of BAC as shown by an inhibition of growth of the bacteria, the semidiameter of the growth inhibition zone was measured. The bacteria were grown overnight in a broth and diluted. An optical density of 0.5 (550nm) was used. An inoculation of 80  µL (60-fold dilution) was performed on the brain-heart infusion agar plates. A glass rod was used to spread the inoculums evenly providing uniform bacterial growth. The BAC-infused composite disks were placed on the agar and were incubated at 37 ºC. Two days after incubation, the inhibition zones were measured. Saito also tested the shear bond strength using 70 extracted human premolars. The teeth were randomly distributed into seven groups and embedded in acrylic except for the buccal areas which were used for bonding. The teeth were polished using rubber prophylactic cups with pumic for 10 seconds. The teeth were etched with 65% phosphoric acid for 30 seconds and washed for 20 seconds then orthodontic metal brackets were bonded. Composite with the following BAC concentrations were used to bond the brackets: 0%, 0.25%, 0.75%, 1.25%, 2.5%, and 5%. A 300-gram force was applied on each bracket (based on the study of Bishara et al66). The results were presented in standard deviation and mean and analyzed with ANOVA to determine if there were significant differences among the groups. For multiple comparisons, Fisher test was used. Statistical differences were detected by a Chi-square test. Significance was predetermined at P 0.5.38 Results showed that there were significant differences among the composites with different BAC concentrations. No significant differences were found among the bacterial strains. When placed on the agar plate with Strep. mutans or Strep. sobrinus, no inhibition zone was observed on the composite with 0% BAC. The composite disks with BAC demonstrated a significant antibacterial property when compared with the composite without BAC. The antibacterial effect was found to increase as BAC concentration increased. This was indicated by an increase in the bacterial inhibition zones that were measured. The disks with 5% BAC had the highest amount of antibacterial activity. A significant difference in bond strength was noted among the different composites with BAC. However, as BAC concentration was raised, they observed a decline in shear bond strength. The study of Saito et al concluded that adding BAC into composite resin attributes antimicrobial properties strong enough to inhibit Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus. A clinically acceptable range of shear bond strength is yet to be established scientifically. Saito noted that incorporation of BAC does not lessen the strength to less than 10 MPa when an etchant (phosphoric acid) is used. The range of shear bond strength in study was 10.12 MPa – 20.94 MPa. Saito et al further concluded that a composite incorporated with BAC â€Å"has a possibility for clinical application as a bonding adhesive†. It was recommended in the study that it is essential to acquire a long-term release behaviour of an antibacterial agent. Therefore, a study investigating the release behaviour of BAC should be done. It was mentioned in the study by Saito that BAC has been a popular choice of contact lens antiseptic. However, the quantity of BAC used in the study was less than the amount used in contact lenses. A typical bonding procedure in an orthodontic patient requires around 150 mg of composite adhesive. Therefore, 0.7 mg of BAC is required to achieve 0.5% BAC concentration. The same author in 2009 evaluated the antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity of an orthodontic adhesive containing BAC. To achieve the desired concentration of BAC, it was initially diluted to 50% by mixing it with the orthodontic polymer (wt/wt). It was diluted further with polymer to achieve the required concentration. 65 They achieved the following BAC concentrations: 0.25%, 0.75%. 1.25%, 1.75%, 2.5%, and 5.0% (wt/wt). Custom-made molds were used to produce BAC-composite disks of the same size (8.0 mm x 2.0 mm). The disks were evaluated using antibacterial and cytotoxicity assays with three independent runs. To perform the disk diffusion assay, the BAC composite disks were soaked in distilled water at 37 ºC for 0, 30, 90, and 180 days prior to the assessment of antibacterial activity. The test bacteria used were Strep. mutans 10449 and PS14 and Strep. sobrinus 6751 and B13. They were routinely grown in a brain-heart infusion medium for 24 hours. The growth inhibition of Strep. mutans and / or Strep. sobrinus showed the release of BAC into the agar medium. Electric digital callipers were used to take measurements of the zone of growth inhibition around each BAC composite disk. To test the cytotoxicity, human gingival fibroblast cultures were grown from the cells of healthy gingival tissues from patients who were undergoing extraction prior to orthodontic treatment. This was copied from the method of Somerman, et al. After the patients underwent extraction, a part of the gingival tissue attached to the interdental papilla was taken. The samples were washed twice in phosphate-buffered saline solution (PBS). The acquired tissues were dissected into 1-mm cubes and were transferred to 35-mm tissue culture dishes with ÃŽ ±-minimal essential medium supplemented with 100  µg/mL of penicillin G, 500  µg/mL gentamicin sulphate, 0.3  µg/mL amphotericin B, and 10% fetal bovine serum. Incubation of the cultures was done in a 37 ºC humidified incubator with 95% air and 5% carbon dioxide. When confluence was reached, the cells were detached using 0.05% trypsin in PBS for 10 minutes. They were subcultured in flasks and seeded.38 The controls used in the study were the resin disks without BAC. The harvested gingival cells were laid under resin disks. In between the disks and the gingival cells was an 8  µm PET membrane that allowed the passage of the components of the resins to make contact with the human gingival cells. This was based on the study of Tang et al. Incubation with the gingival cells were done at 37 ºC for 1, 3, and 6 days.38 A reduction assay kit containing tetrazolium bromide was used to assess the cytotoxicity. This was based on the reduction that occurs to MTT when exposed to living cell mitochondria. It becomes purple fromazan. After 1, 3, and 6 days, the cells were cleaned with PBS after removal of the resins and the medium. Addition of 0.5 mL MTT medium solution was made to the wells. The solution was incubated at 37 ºC for 3 hours. A microplate reader was used to measure the purplish lysate. They observed significant differences among the different lengths of time the samples were soaked in distilled water and among the BAC concentration. With the different bacteria, they did not detect any significant differences. No difference that was significant enough was also observed between the bacterial strain and BAC. There were significant differences noted regarding the antibacterial activity at 0 day between samples with 5% BAC compared to other BAC concentrations. There were also significant differences observed regarding antibacterial activity among 0.25%, 0.75%, and 1.25% BAC, and 1.75%, 2.5%, and 5% BAC concentration. However, there was not any significant difference detected among 1.75%. 2.5%, and 5% BAC concentrations. There was a significant difference at 180 days between 0.25%, 0.75%, and between 1.25% and 5% concentrations. They observed that the higher the concentration of BAC in the composite, the greater the decrease that occurred in antibacterial property based on the assay time prolongation. They concluded that when the samples were not soaked in water, they exhibited higher antibacterial activity. The resins with 5% BAC had the highest antibacterial property. There was a significant decrease in antibacterial activity after soaking the samples in water for 180 days at all BAC concentrations. The samples incorporated with 5% BAC had the highest antibacterial activity compared to the resin with 0.25% at all periods of the experiment. In fact, the antibacterial activity exhibited by the resin with 5% BAC soaked for 180 days was the same as the antibacterial activity shown by the resin containing 0.25% and 1.75% BAC prior to immersion in water. There were significant differences in MTT activity percentages among the BAC composites with regard to cytotoxicity to the human gingival cells. Saito’s study concluded that resins with 1.25% or 1.75% BAC exhibited constant antibacterial properties when immersed in water for 180 days due to the continuous BAC release. However, an increase in cytotoxicity was noted as the antibacterial activity increased. Therefore, composites with a higher concentration of BAC were shown to be more cytotoxic. A concentration of BAC that was 0.25% or 0.75% exhibited cytotoxicity similar to the resins without BAC or the controls at all test periods. Saito et al recommended that a similar study be made using saliva instead of water as the immersing medium. This is due to the presumption that the oral environment is different that it may influence the antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity of the resins with BAC. The study confirmed that adding BAC to a composite resin exhibits an antibacterial effect against Strep. mutans and Strep. sobrinus. The author suggested that BAC be tested in vivo for safety before it is tested clinically.