Solution to Land Pollution Essay Example

Solution to Land Pollution Paper Land pollution Land pollution is mainly caused by poor solid waste management. There are three answers to these environmental problems. YOU can Reduce, Reuse and Recycle. ; Reduction ; Reuse ; Recycle Reduction We can reduce the amount of waste that is produced by doing simple things like two-sided copying on paper and backyard composting. This will decrease the amount of waste that will be disposed of in landfills. The Government can raise awareness of the importance of reduction through campaigns and advertisements and encourage the public to participate actively in reduction strategies like waste exchange program. Reduction methods can have positive environmental impacts like conserving resources. [ Return TO TOP Another way to reduce the amount of waste produced is by reusing a product. We are reusing when we keep something and use them again for either the same or other purposes. When we go shopping at supermarkets, we can bring our own shopping bag to carry our groceries and cut down on he use of plastic bags. We can also bring our own lunchboxes to store our meals instead of disposing plastic containers after we use it. These are some simple ways that we can do to contribute. [ Return To Top ] Recycle Ever wondered where the can of coke, the bottle of lemon tea, or your homework goes to after being thrown into the bin? Well, in the process of recycling, waste materials are processed industrially and then reformed into new or similar products. We will write a custom essay sample on Solution to Land Pollution specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Solution to Land Pollution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Solution to Land Pollution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This helps us to renew our limited resources, and at the same time conserve the environment! Some of the waste materials that can be recycled are used paper, newspapers, plastic and glass bottles and aluminum cans. We should throw these waste materials into the appropriate recycling bins whenever we can, instead of throwing it into the rubbish bin.

Financial Information System Essays

Financial Information System Essays Financial Information System Essay Financial Information System Essay It is one of the most modern, largest vertically integrated textile company in Pakistan. Insist Mills Ltd. Is amongst Pakistanis oldest and most respected institutions in the field of textile processing. Insist Apparel is a state of the art facility and was incepted in May 2007. Initially Insist Apparel used Data Flex for its operational and informational needs. This system was implemented for several years but, as the business was experiencing phenomenal growth, coupled with several inherent shortcomings of the system, the growing information needs of the company along with the technological advancement in the ERP field necessitated Nights move to a more sophisticated and advanced system. These reasons have been detailed as follows: Issues with initial system (Data flex): Obsolete: The version of Data flex that was being used at Insist Mills was out-dated and no further vendor support was available for it. Insist was expanding in terms of business and complexity. Thus they required greater support from their system which it was unable to provide. As there was no vendor support to modify the system as per their needs, they had no option else than to switch to an alternative with better vendor support. : Incapable of processing high volume of transactions efficiently: The expansion of Insist Mills resulted in a similar increase in transaction volume that needed processing. The Data flex system with its out dated technology was unable to efficiently handle huge volume of transactions. This resulted in operating in-efficiency and higher costs. The old system thus became the weak link that needed to be replaced in order to support the growth of Nights operations while allowing a greater operating efficiency. Non-centralized database: The initial Data Flex system had a non-centralized database thus each department at Insist Apparel had to maintain its own data leading to great deal of data attendance. Since each department had to update its data separately there were several sets of data being maintained and updating data was not an easy Job. Multiple versions of same data developed inconsistencies which resulted in loss of data integrity. Furthermore, it was not possible for departments to share data with each other, thus each department was effectively working in isolation. Batch Processing: Insist Apparel was competing in the international market for clients like Levies and Dockers. One of the compelling requirements of time was to give short lead times amidst its international competitors. This could not be achieved with the initial Data Flex system which was based on batch processing. There was a time lag between occurrence of business event and the correspondent transaction being processed. This means that the only time the master data was up-to-date was right after the processing has been completed. As soon as the next business event occurs, the master data are no longer up-to-date. This led to lack of proper information for decision making Choice of ERP system: While shifting to new ERP system Insist Group had three basic concerns; they wanted to have a centralized data base, real time transaction processing and a yester that could handle large volume of transactional data. They decided to switch to the Oracle ERP System since it could best cater to their informational needs with respect to the large volume of transactions and also provide the other features that were required, as mentioned above. Oracle ERP system could provide the following benefits to Insist: Better integration across departments Up-to-date database No processing lags caused by the system Better internal controls Improve customer service Reduced lead time Better management decisions Better inventory management Cheaper procurement. Lower costs. Transition Phase: Training Sessions: In order to move from Data Flex to Oracle, month long training sessions were conducted for the employees to train them to work on the oracle system. During this period, they were also made to work on dummy data in order to strengthen their command on the new system. After the conclusion of the training period, one-on-one sessions were carried out with the employees to check for any shortcomings and further build upon their learning. The company had to slightly modify their methods of operation in order to align them with the best practices as dictated by the Oracle yester. Modular Approach: A modular approach was undertaken for the implementation of the Oracle system. The system was installed on a department wise basis like Accounts, Purchase, Inventory, Human Resource and more. Within each department, internal controls were developed to ensure that the organization meets its objectives, such as system logins for users to avoid UN-authorized access. Furthermore, system was modified according to the needs of different units of Insist Mills. For example in Insist Apparel, keeping in mind its nature of business, demand gets generated automatically once bill of materials is prepared which is not a requirement for spinning , weaving or dyeing unit of Insist Mills. Running parallel systems: The older system was still operating in parallel to the new system so that business activities would not be affected. A centralized database was developed and data was transferred from the old system to the Oracle database. During the day, employees used to work on Data Flex and at the day end they transferred the whole days data to the Oracle database. Employees were required to put in extra hours for this purpose. Duration of transition phase: The entire changeover from Data Flex to Oracle consumed nearly 1. -2 years and is still undergoing minor development. For instance, the ERP system pertaining to Human Resource is still undergoing modifications to best meet the organizational needs. Problems Faced: Employee trainings: The employees were acquainted with Data Flex and in order to switch them over to the new system, trainings were conducted. This put on additional stress in terms of loss of time, business process efficiency and HRS costs. Downsizing: Dat a Flex required more manpower to operate the system in contrast to Oracle which squired fewer people. The firm had to downsize as there was excess manpower employed within the firm as per required by Oracle. The layoffs resulted in loss of morale with existing employees and many suffered from the survivor syndrome. Resistance from employees: The decision to upgrade to the new system was not warmly received by some of the employees as they had a thorough command on the previous system. Their ease with the existing system made them unreceptive to change and expressed their displeasure. As a result, they had to be motivated and educated to make the change successful. Information sequencing issues: Insist had a great deal of redundancy within its database. There were multiple versions of the same data stored. This has put on additional problems while transferring data into the new centralized database. They were unsure as to how to consolidate the different versions of data in the new database. Setting up wireless communication links: Successful implementation of Oracle required the set up of wireless routers across offices. This resulted in huge costs to establish the infrastructure that complemented the use of Oracle. Explanation of Entries of Control Matrix The purchase cycle is broadly classified into three sub-processes; purchase requisition, receipt of goods and payable. We have identified the following present controls and we will analyze how these controls meet the operational and informational goals: Pl- Automatic Notification of Inventory Falling Below Re-order Level: Effectiveness goal C: The ERP system is designed in a way that it automatically notifies the store dept. Whenever the inventory level falls below the re-order level thus ensuring the effectiveness of goal C which states that the inventory level should not fall below the re-order level. Efficient employment of resources: The ERP system automatically informs for inventory shortfalls thus eliminating the need on part of humans to physically check (count) for inventory levels. This leads to efficient employment of resources since no manpower and time is utilized for this purpose. PA- Pre-Formatted Screens For All Internal Documents: Efficient employment of resources: The internal documents in the purchase cycle are in the form of pre-formatted screens. Structured entry cells allow user to reduce the number of keystrokes and increase efficiency by displaying only the required information in a desired format to he user. Input Accuracy, Update Accuracy: Due to pre-formatted screens, once a particular field is filled, the cursor moves to the next field on the screen automatically, thus preventing the user from omitting any required data set. Incorrectly filled fields are rejected, hence reducing errors. *Wherever input accuracy or completeness is ensured, update accuracy and completeness are automatically ensured in ERP systems because update occurs in real-time as soon as something is input. PA- Compare input with master data and Automatic Population of Data: Efficient employment of resources: The automatic population of fields from the master data leads to lesser key strokes which improve the speed and productivity of data entry personnel. Input Validity: The automatic population of data from master data as the information passes through various stages is a testament to the fact that information is being accessed and added on different documents from existing records and those data establish authorization for the transaction. Input Accuracy Update Accuracy: Fewer key strokes and use of data called up from existing records reduce the possibility of errors. PA- Record Input: Automatic recording of input event data by system increases efficiency PA- Interactive Feedback Checks: Input Update completeness: Interactive feedback checks display to the user that the input has been accepted and hence ensures data completeness. PA- Online Approval by HOOD: Ensure security of resources: The Hoods approval at several stages during the purchase process ensures that the companys resources would not be misappropriated for any invalid purposes. Input validity: Hoods approval is required when a demand requisition/POP is being made and when the payable data is being processed. He only approves an event after verifying its Aladdin. Therefore the Hoods approval is proof of the validity of the event reflected in the document being approved. PA- Display Requisition to Relevant Purchase Person: Effectiveness goal A: They have assigned particular procurement items to specific purchase persons due to which they have developed expertise in purchase of those items. This helps to ensure that a vendor that will provide the best quality at the optimum price by the required delivery date (on favorable terms) will be selected. Efficient employment of resources: Automatic routing of only the relevant purchase requisitions to concerned researchers saves them from the trouble of finding the items that have been assigned to them for procurement from all the raised requisitions. PA- Key Purchase Terms in SSP: The authorized person selects the most favorable mode of purchase (Comparative Statement, LLC or Cash) which meets our effectiveness goal A. PA- Maintaining Approved Vendor Data: This allows the purchase personnel to quickly access the approved vendors in the database that they already dealt with and know their repute so they do not need to search for a vendor every time they need to buy a particular item. This saves time ND leads to efficiency. PA- Prepare Quotation Entry Form (Including Tallest 3 Vendors): Effectiveness goal A: While preparing quotation entry form, three relevant suppliers are shortlist and then they are asked to provide quotations. This short-listing of three suppliers out of many helps ensure effectiveness of goal A which states that finally only the vendor providing the best quality at the lowest price by promised delivery date should be selected. POI- Preparation and Manual approval of Comparative statement: Effectiveness Goal A: After receiving short-listed quotations, the HOOD compares the vendors in the imperative statement and selects the required vendor keeping in mind that the optimum combination of price and quality is being achieved. Pl 1- Preparation, Approval and Dispatch of POP by HOOD: The clerk brings the POP in the name of the selected vendor to the HOOD. The HOOD ensures that the POP is made in the name of the approved supplier by approving POP online. This ensures the selection of a vendor who will provide the best quality at the optimum price. Input Validity: Approval by the HOOD ensures the validity of the purchase order. PEP- Approval of Invoice by comparing with POP: Effectiveness Goal D: The invoice received from supplier is matched with the POP and then approved to ensure that correct payments are made to the relevant supplier. Input validity: By verifying from the master data that the invoice has been received against an actual POP, validity of invoice will be confirmed. By checking the approval on invoice, the possibility of entering invalid event data is reduced. Input Accuracy: By checking the approval on invoice, it is ensured that the amount on the invoice is accurate. As the master data is not being updated at this point, so update accuracy would not apply. PEP- Prepare copy for record keeping: Security of resources: Keeping records for transactions allows user to keep a track of the resources employed and this ensures the security of resources. PEP- Manual Comparison of Delivery Callahan with POP and Entering receiving data in gate office: Effectiveness Goal The gate person compares delivery Callahan with POP to ensure that the goods received are not different from the demanded goods and if that is the case, then he has the authority to reject them right at the gate. Input Validity: The gate person enters the amount of goods received in the system after matching it tit the POP which ensures that the goods being received are against a valid POP. Input Completeness and Update Completeness: After the delivery Callahan is compared with the POP, the gate person enters the quantity received into the system and prepares a gate pass which ensures that against each receipt there is an entry in the system. The master data is updated simultaneously with the input of receipt data. PEP- Counting of goods by receipt room when received and entering data in the system: Effectiveness Goal B: The receiving personnel counts the goods received ensuring that the correct amount f goods are being received. With the goods being in hand, the receiving person in the receipt room in a good position to ensure that the correct goods are received. The counting of goods ensures that the receipt room is aware of actual quantity of goods received and there is a less chance of goods being lost without coming into the knowledge of authorities. Input Validity, Input and Update Accuracy, Input and Update Completeness: After physically counting the goods, the data is being entered into the system so the data will precisely reflect the actual delivery making it accurate ND valid. For every receipt, a GIN and GRIN are prepared which ensures input and update completeness. PEP- Acceptance of goods after signing of GRIN at store: Effectiveness goal B: The signing of GRIN ensures that the right quantities of goods are stored at the store as per the amount stated in the GRIN. Security of resources: Signing of GRIN serves as a final check that the amount stored at the warehouse is the same as the quantity received in receipt room. PEP- Update inventory levels after storage or issuance against relevant demand number: Input Validity: As inventory is being entered after physically receiving goods against relevant demand number, so the input data is valid. Input Accuracy, Update Accuracy: After physical receipt of inventory, entering data in system ensures that there is less chance of error and that the inventory data is accurate. The master data is simultaneously updated. PEP- Attaching approved invoice with D. C, Gate Pass and GRIN: Effectiveness Goal D: The approval of invoice by the purchase department after verifying it with POP from master data and then attaching it with the GRIN ensure that the correct payment is add to the relevant supplier. Efficient Employment of resources: Since approved invoice is attached with the relevant GRIN, so it makes the posting of vouchers more efficient. PEP- Entering payable data in the payable department: The payable personnel with the approved invoice in hand are in a better position to ensure that the payable liability is made against the relevant supplier. Input Validity, Input and Update Accuracy: The comparison between ESP. and GRIN and invoice ensures that that only a valid payable will be approved and become outstanding against the right supplier. The comparison will also ensure that the amount of payable outstanding will be accurate. PEP- Fortnightly printing of payment list and its approval by HOOD: Effectiveness Goal D: The fortnightly listing of payable reveals the suppliers to whom the payment is due along with the payment details. This process ensures that all the requisite payments are made within the credit period. Efficient Employment of Resources: The payable person does not have to physically go through all pending payable and identify those which are due. Automatically generation by the system ensures efficiency. Input validity, Input accuracy, Input completeness: Automatic generation of payment list using existing information from database ensures that it will have only valid (approved) payable and their amounts will be accurate. It will also ensure completeness because system ensures that the list includes all the payments due. PEP- Generation of payment vouchers and printing of checks: Effectiveness goal D: System generation of checks ensures that they are printed against the right vendors bearing the right amounts due. Efficiency of Resources: Automatic printing of check after generation of payment vouchers saves time. Security of Resources: Printing of checks by system ensures that the right amount due is associated with right vendor. This ensures that payments are made against a valid payable hence eliminating any possibility of cash being paid to the wrong recipient. Input validity: The payable list represents the actual, approved amounts due to vendors as a result of past event. Input ; Update accuracy: The rights amounts are appropriated against the right suppliers eliminating the probability of errors. This subsequently leads to accurate update of the payable account. Input ; Update completeness: The system prints checks for every vendor against whom the payment is due and their corresponding payment vouchers are made. This helps to achieve that no due payment is missed and all corresponding vouchers are made. PEP- Preparation of B. O. M against an open sales contract by comparing input with master data: In preparation of B. O. M, the clerk keys in the sales contract number and the system ensures that the demand being generated is against a valid sales contract. Hence, this ensures that the valid goods in the correct amount are ordered. Input Validity: As the sales order number written on the B. O. M. Is matched with the open sales order in the database, this ensures that the B. O. M is made against a valid sales contract. PEP- Automatic Generation of Demand from Bill of materials: Ensure demand validity: As the production planning finalizes the required raw materials in bill of materials, the system automatically generates demand which ensures that the origin of demand is representative of actual requirements. Efficient employment of resources: As the demand is generated automatically by the system, it saves on any human involvement for the purpose leading to efficient employment of resources. Input The information upon which the demand form is based was taken from the bill of material. This verifies that input is more likely to reflect actual demand. Input ; update accuracy: Automatic updating of fields of demand requisition form from bill of materials eliminates the probability of incorrect entry of data and ensures that the requisition form is accurate. PEP- Check inventory level at store and write current inventory level at generated demand: Effectiveness Goal D: Checking goods from the inventory ensures that excess goods are not purchased by mistake and only the required amount of goods is purchased. Efficiency of resources, Input Accuracy, Update Accuracy: As the inventory level is checked from the system instead of going to the store to physically count it so the efficiency is increased and the correct amounts will be entered and updated. PEP- Inspection of goods received by the user: The inspection of goods by the user ensures that the goods received from the supplier are of the required quality and the quantity is in conformance with the demand of the user. PEP- Comparison of Input with Master Data for Generation of SIR: Validity of Input, Input and Update Accuracy: This will ensure that the SIR is being prepared against a valid, approved requisition against which goods have been received. The comparison will identify any erroneous or suspect data and reduce input errors. PEP- Approval of SIR by HOOD: Input Validity, Security of Resources: Approval will ensure that the issue of goods is authorized for a valid use. This will also ensure security of resources. PEP- Comparison of SIR with BOOM to issue goods: The comparison will ensure that the goods are being issued against a valid BOOM and hence prevent misappropriation of resources. Ml- Scrutinizing vendor before addition to approved vendor list :Effectiveness goal A: This will ensure that only the competent vendors who will supply the best goods at the optimum price are entered into the system. MM- Comparison of comparative statement with actual quotations received by HOOD before approval: Effectiveness goal A: This will ensure that the purchase personnel has not included any fake quotation into the comparative statement and only the approved suppliers to which the quotation requests were sent are there on the comparative statement. Input validity: This comparison will ensure that only valid supplier is selected by the HOOD. MM- HOOD accesses inventory data from DEEDS to check inventory status before approval of requisition: Efficiency of resources: This will save time as the HOOD will directly check the inventory status online while approving the requisition and no requisition will be processed for the goods already present in stock. Hence the store department would not be involved in such situations which would lead to efficiency. ANALYSIS Analyzing the ERP system of Insist, we have concluded that they have implemented the system very effectively and are reaping great benefits from this technological advancement.

Information System in business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Information System in business - Essay Example The health club leveraged upon the technology and other software’s which increased its productivity, efficiency and ultimately the profitability. Technology has transformed the overall business environment; the processes that had been traditionally manual are now automated. The way communication is done and mediums of communication have been transformed as well thus transformation can be felt in every business practice today. The concept of information systems in business environment is often termed as management information system; this concept was coined in the 1960s and ever since has been integrating the computer technology and the systems to data processing in business. It was also evident in the 60’s that the computer was serving as a solution to the business manual, clerical tasks. The systems was able to provide information on past, present and also helped in future projections for the business or organizational purposes, thus providing the right information to the right people at the right time (Various Advantages of Information Management Systems). Although information systems have been around for a while however they are continually evolving thus offering many possibilities for the business operations. ... ific function or specific purpose, however the changing dynamics of the business and due to increase in market competition and customer expectation, the businesses need to adopt a more value-added customer oriented service, reduction in time to market new product and services, to manage the operational costs and ultimately adoption of work method that are compliant with the ever changing business needs. Thus to increase the operational efficiency the use of Information systems is required by the businesses (Pappa & Stergioulas, 2008) Innovative Information Technology applications give several advantages to the business for its operations to remain competitive in the business environment, thus serving as a direct strategic advantage for the business. Inclusion of information systems in the business allow better management of resources, while having complete control over the offices/locations, having speedy communication and give better decision making ability by providing all the info rmation in a readily timely manner. Moreover the business is likely to establish partnerships and links with all the partners associated with the business in an efficient and effective way. Another important factor that information systems provide the business in order to remain competitive is the competitive business intelligence. This keeps the business up-to-date in all respects by analyzing the information about the services, products, competitors and the changes in the business environment. Thus, making use of the information can help the business take the first movers advantage and have an edge over the competitors (Laudon, 2008). Information systems also provide differentiation opportunity (Goessl, 2008) to the business, thus making it stand out from the competition. Thus the

A New Window of Opportunity for Viacom Case Study

A New Window of Opportunity for Viacom - Case Study Example In the USA, the cable networks industry makes revenue of around $ 56 billion with a 1.7 % growth over the past five years (Ibisworld, 2014). This paper is based on the cable networks and broadcast industry with particular focus on the marketing strategies of Viacom. It includes the strategies of the company to operate in the international market and to strengthen its core competencies. Â  Viacom is a TV broadcast and cable networks company, headquartered in New York. It owns some of the best-known television brands like MTV, Nickelodeon, VH1, Comedy Central, etc. Viacom also owns Paramount, which is one of the world’s largest media entertainment brands (Viacom, 2014a). The strategic planning of the company focuses on becoming the industry leading broadcasting company, which focuses on catering to its customers by developing new brands and enhancing the existing ones on a multiplatform strategy (Viacom, 2014b). Over the years Viacom has expanded itself by taking several tactical strategies so as to meet its long-term goals to expand itself in the media entertainment industry. In 1983, Viacom made its first major strategic move by establishing a joint venture with Warner Communication. In the next few years, the company eventually acquired the MTV networks. Acquisition of the MTV brand gave Viacom a major financial boost. It also made Viacom an attractive bus iness partner for other bigger companies; as a result in 1987, almost 87 % of Viacom was acquired by National Amusements with a financial consideration of $ 3.4 billion. Keeping in mind the high popularity of MTV, the company decided to introduce MTV in Europe. In 1994, Viacom made another major acquisition by taking over Paramount Communications with $ 9.9 billion. As a result, the company diversified into the movie production industry.

American reaction to the holocaust Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

American reaction to the holocaust - Movie Review Example As a result, several Germans had nowhere to run to, and endured the systematic persecution that characterized the Holocaust. America’s policy significantly reduced immigration into the country owing to the tough economic challenges the country faced at that time. Authorities continued to impose the restrictions after Franklin Roosevelt’s swearing in March 1933. The country genuinely lacked the required resources to accommodate more foreigners (Akbulut-Yuksel and Yuksel 3). Even so, most Americans did not hold Jews in good light and considered their presence in America as unfavorable. Sympathetic Americans and Jewish leaders imposed sanctions on German goods, with the assumption that economic pressure might compel Hitler to stop his anti-Semitic strategy (London Jewish Cultural Center 1). Following pressure the Roosevelt administration from influential American Jews concerning refugees, the government eased its stringent visa regulations. American press and news media failed to give the Holocaust the attention and extensive coverage it deserved. Reports about the Holocaust were often in the middle pages of the dailies (London Jewish Cultural Center 1). Several Germans had invested and made fortunes from the United States stock market before the crash, and the two regions did not have good media relations. Everybody tried to get their money back, but there were not enough reserves. America needed money too, but Germany could not afford to pay them back their money. Journalists gave atrocity reports a wide berth, as they feared reproach from the government after an erroneous publication about Germany during the First World War. The Bermuda conference, and several other meetings America held with other countries were fruitless. Germany was an influential military and economic power in Europe at the start of the nineteenth century (Nevick 35). Even so, warfare ruined the country’s economy and it restricted imports and exports. The 1929

Possibility Of Travelling Through Wormholes In Space Time Philosophy Essay

Possibility Of Travelling Through Wormholes In Space Time Philosophy Essay Wormhole is a tunnel connecting two different points in space time. It is also known as Einstein-Rosen bridge (1935). The objective of this study is to investigate is it possible to travel through the wormholes. 1 Introduction Wormhole(named by John Wheeler,physicist,1955) is the hypothetical tunnel connecting two different points in spacetime in such a way that a trip through the wormhole could take much less time. The spacetime tunnel is also known as Einstein-Rosen bridge (Einstein and Nathan Rosen,1935) Wormholes can be found in earth, but is a billion-trillion-trillionths of a centimeter across Hawking(2010), so it cannot be seen by humans naked eye. Travelling through wormhole or time machine can make human life to be more simple and interesting. The purpose of this study is to investigate the method that lead to building a time machine and travelling wormholes. 2 Literature Review 2.1 Definition Wormhole is a hypothetical tunnel which connects two different points in such a way that a trip through the wormhole could take much less time than a journey between the same starting and ending points in normal space in space time. Wormholes can allow matter, energy, and information to travel to a distant point without passing through the space between the two points effectively circumventing the light speed barrier that prevents it travels faster than light through normal space. Wormholes are actually the natural part of the fabric of space-time or the quantum foam. These natural wormholes are very small and short lived which the light cannot even pass through them. They are a popular feature of science fiction as they allow interstellar travel within human timescales. 2.2 History The mathematician Riemann (1845), who is the first formulated higher-dimensional geometry and also the one who first discusses wormholes. Riemann cuts (Riemanns Wormholes) are connections between spaces (multiply connected spaces) with zero length. Then, Einstein and his collaborator Rosen (Einstein-Rosen bridges ,1935) describe the relativistic of black holes requires wormholes at their center which seem to connect the center of a black hole with a mirror universe on the other side of space time. However, due to the center of a black hole singularity, wormhole could not be traversed as the point of infinite space time curvature where the gravity would also be infinite and all matter would be crushed to its most fundamental constituents. In additional, to travel through the wormhole would require motion faster than the speed of light which is a physical impossibility. 2.3 How is wormholes form Wormholes are considered possible based on (Einsteins theory of relativity, 1916), who states that, any mass curves space time. To understand this curvature, think about two people holding a bed sheet up and stretching that sheet tightly. If one person is to place a baseball on the bed sheet, the weight of the baseball would roll to the middle of the sheet and causes the sheet to curve at that point similar if a marble were placed on the edge of the same bed sheet, it would travel toward the baseball because of the curve. In this example, space is depicted as a two-dimensional plane rather than the four dimensions which actually make up space time. Imagine that is the sheet is folded over and leaving a space between the top and bottom. If place the baseball on the top side will form a curvature. If an equal mass is placed on the bottom part of the sheet at a point that corresponds with the location of the baseball on the top, the second mass would eventually meet with the baseball. This is similar to how wormholes might form. In space, masses that place pressure on different parts of the universe could eventually come together to form a tunnel which is a wormhole. We could travel from Earth to another galaxy and return back relatively quickly within a lifetime. 3 Finding and Discussion 3.1 Wormholes exist in our earth According to Stephen Hawking( physicist and cosmologist), everyone knows that all physical object has three dimensions, they are length, width and height. But, there is another type of length that is length in time. Everything has length in time including space. Travelling in time means travelling through this fourth dimension. By imagine of doing a car travel, drove in a straight line and travelling in one dimension, then turn right or left and this is already adding the second dimension. After that, by driving up or down is actually adding the third dimension, height. So, this is the three dimensions. The fourth dimension is by travelling in time. There is a concept of making the time machine to travel through the fourth dimension. Nothing is flat or solid. If by looking closely at anything, holes and wrinkles can be found. It is a very basic principle even applies to time. Even something as smooth as a pool ball has tiny crevices, wrinkles, and voids. Same as the fourth dimension, there are tiny crevices, wrinkles and voids in time. Down at the smallest of scales, smaller even than molecules or atoms, this is so called quantum foam. This is where wormholes exist. Tiny tunnels through space and time constantly form, disappear, and reform within this quantum world. They actually link two separate places and two different times. These real-life time tunnels are just a billion-trillion-trillionths of a centimeter across. It is too small for human to pass through. Some scientists think that is possible to capture the wormholes and enlarge it by using enough power and advanced technology. Wormholes will happened just like sound system but only radiation instead of sound. Sound enters the microphone. Its transmitted along the wires, made louder by the amplifier, and comes out at the speakers. 3.2 The leading of making time machine According to Albert Einstein, He realized that there should be places where time slows down, and others where time speeds up. The proof is in the space. One of the example is GPS, Global Positioning System. The heavier the object, the more it drags on time. A super-massive black hole is a time machine. It is a heaviest object in the galaxy. It wont destroy itself in a flash of feedback. But its pretty dangerous. Its a long way away and it doesnt even take us very far into the future. Fortunately there is another way to travel in time. And this represents our last and best hope of building a real time machine. Hawking (2010) said that theres a cosmic limit of speed that is speed of light. But travelling by a speed near to the speed of light will brings you to the future. For example, the science-fiction transportation system. Imagine a track which goes right round the earth, a track for superfast train. Use this imaginary train to get as close as possible to the speed of light and see how it becomes a time machine. On board are passengers with a one-way ticket to the future. The train begins to accelerate, faster and faster. Soon, its circling the Earth over and over again. To reach the speed of light and cycling around the earth consider very fast and is 7 times per second. However, no matter how much power the train has, it can never quite reach the speed of light, since the laws of physics forbid it. Instead, lets say the speed gets close, Time starts flowing slowly on board relative to the rest of the world, just like near the black hole. Everything on the train is in slow motion. Imag ine that the train left the station on January 1, 2050. It circles Earth over and over again for 100 years before finally coming to a halt on New Years Day, 2150. The passengers will have only lived one week because time is slowed down that much inside the train. When they got out theyd find a very diffà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœerent world from the one theyd left. In one week theyd have travelled 100 years into the future. Of course, building a train that could reach such a speed is quite impossible. But we have built something very like the train at the worlds largest particle accelerator at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland. Deep underground, in a circular tunnel 16 miles long, is a stream of trillions of tiny particles. When the power is turned on, they accelerate from zero to 60,000mph in a fraction of a second. Increase the power and the particles go faster and faster, until theyre whizzing around the tunnel 11,000 times a second, which is almost the speed of light. But just like the train, they never quite reach that ultimate speed. They can only get to 99.99 per cent of the limit. When that happens, they are starting to travel in time. This because of some extremely short-lived particles, called pi-mesons. Ordinarily, they disintegrate after just 25 billionths of a second. But when they are accelerated near to light speed they last 30 times longer. 3.3 Warp drive engine Two physicists (Cleaver,G.B and Obousy,R ) from Baylor University (Waco, Texas) have outlined an engine on how to travel faster than light which is also called warp drive could be created that would bend but not break the laws of physics. The warp engine is based on a design by Alcubierre (1994), known as Alcubierre drive which involves the fabric expansion of space behind a ship into a bubble and shrinking space-time in front of the ship. The ship would rest in between the expanding and shrinking space-time, essentially surfing down the side of the bubble. In addition, the tricky part is that the space itself would move underneath the stationary spacecraft but the ship would not actually move. The beam of light that far from the ship would left behind but the beam of light next to the ship would zoom away. This means that the ship would arrive at its destination faster than a beam of light by traveling the same distance. However, without violating Einsteins relativity (Einstein,A.1916) which says that it would take an infinite amount of energy to accelerate an object with mass to the speed of light, since the ship itself actually is not moving. 3.4 11th dimension Moreover, Cleaver and Obousy who are the other coauthor have manipulate the 11th dimension which is a special theoretical construct of m-theory (the offspring of string theory) to create the bubble and the ship would surf down. The bubble of dark energy could be created if the 11th dimension could be shrunk behind the ship. Hence, the same dark energy would cause the universe to speed up as time goes on. Thus, by expanding the 11th dimension in front of the ship would eventually cause it to decrease although two separate steps are required. At the end, how is the 11th dimension would be expanded and shrunk is still unknown. All the scientists still work hard for this. If there are extra dimensions and we could manipulate them, that would open up all sorts of exciting possibilities(Tufts University theoretical physicist Lawrence Ford). 3.5 Overcoming a wormholes instability with negative energy The main problem by using wormholes to travel in space or time is that they are inherently unstable. It would create fluctuations that cause the structure to collapse in upon itself when a particle enters a wormhole. There are theories (Thorne,1994) describe that a wormhole could be held open by some form of negative energy which represents a case where the energy density in space is actually negative. Therefore, sufficient quantity of negative energy might continue to hold the wormhole open while objects pass through it. This would be an absolute necessity to allow a wormhole to become a time portal. However, scientists lack a real understanding on how to get enough negative energy together, and most scientists think it is an impossible task. 3.6 Relativity of dark energy and negative energy In some models which are highly contrived, it may be possible to relate dark energy and negative energy because both of it exhibit a form of repulsive gravity even though dark energy is a positive energy. However, the good news is that our universe appears to have dark energy in abundance, but it is looks like the dark energy is distributed throughout the universe. There is no guarantee that stable wormholes can occur although String theory (Veneziano,1970) can provide potential sources of negative energy. Therefore, to find any way to store negative energy and use it to sustain a wormholes stability is far beyond current technology or maybe it is an impossible task. 4 Conclusion Wormhole is a hypothetical tunnel which allows everything to pass through without passing through the space between starting point and ending point. The wormholes may formed by allowing human to travel from Earth to another galaxy and return back relatively quickly within a lifetime. To travel through the wormhole, it must be travel faster than light. A Warp Drive Engine is outlined and based on a design by Alcubierre (1994), on how to travel faster than light. To overcome wormholes instability, it required negative energy but there is no guarantee that a stable wormholes can be occur even though String theory can provide potential sources of negative energy. According to Hawking (2010), wormhole is exists in the earth and it is possible to travel through . Number of words:2150 words

Public Health Professionals Essay -- Health, Health Services

Identify and describe three reasons why there may be a physician shortage rather than a surplus in the U.S. William & Torrens (2010) provided a table to show the first time since 1965, between 2000 and 2005, there was a slight decrease in the ratio of physicians per 100,000 civilian populations. The three reasons why there is a physician shortage rather than a surplus in the United States is caused first of all by more restrictive elements that have been blunted due to widespread physician and patient dissatisfaction, particularly with limits of choice (Williams & Torrens, page 270). The move away from more efficient forms of organized medical practice commonly means that more physicians will be necessary to deliver the same level of care (Mick, 2004). Physicians and patients seem to prefer choice to efficiency, which will add pressure for more physicians and is the first of several possible factors fueling fears of a new shortage (Williams & Torrens, page 270). The second reason for the physician shortage in the United States is was a larger percentage of women in medical school. Wome n still do a majority of the tasks surrounding the raising of children and maintaining a home, leaving less time available for practice (Williams & Torrens, page 270). This demographic shift with the workforce may produce more pressure for more than fewer physicians (Williams & Torrens, page 270). Third, physician preferences now favor a more â€Å"controllable lifestyle† (Williams & Torrens, page 270). Young physicians today seek career opportunities with weekends off limiting the hours worked per week. These preferences over time will reduce the availability for patient care (Dorsey, Jarjorua, & Rutecki. 2003). Identify and describe three f... ...ion, the emergence of the hospital and hospital systems and their associated ambulatory clinics as the central institution of the health care system, and the large array of post hospitalization treatment venues that include nursing homes, rehabilitation facilitates, hospices, and home health organizations (Williams & Torrens, page 268). Secondly, technological innovation has also lead to increased specialization of health care personnel, primarily during the last 40 year (Williams& Torrens, page 268). This specialization opened the door to several new health care professions. The last role reviewed was health care workers that have gained the largest share of the overall number of allied health positions. They compose of a mere 1 to 2 percent in 1920, but in 2000 they made up over 54 percent (Williams & Torrens, page 268).